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Year Citation Care Area Primary Application Summary Link
2006 Albert NM. Bioimpedance cardiography measurements of cardiac output and other cardiovascular parameters.
Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am. 2006;18:195-200.		 NA Nursing "The use of impedance cardiography may augment the relationships between hemodynamic parameters and cardiovascular and circulation disorders that may prompt or advance patient care."
2006 Impedence cardiography: A new tool in the treatment of hypertension.
Disease Management Advisor. 2006;12(4):44-46.		 Outpatient Hypertension Review of the technology and results of the CONTROL study.
2006 Flack JM. Noninvasive hemodynamic measurements.
Hypertension. 2006;47:646-647.		 Outpatient Hypertension Editorial comment regarding results of the CONTROL trial conducted with impedance cardiography.
2006 Karakitsos DN, Patrianakos AP, Paraskevopoulos A, Parthenakis FI, Tzenakis N, Fourtounas C, Daphnis EK, Vardas PE. Impedance cardiography derived cardiac output in hemodialysis patients: A study of reproducibility and comparison with echocardiography.
Int J Artif Organs. 2006;29:564-72.		 Outpatient Nephrology/Dialysis "Impedance cardiography is a simple noninvasive technique for cardiac output estimation in hemmodialysis patients which has high reproducibility when performed under controlled conditons, and is closely correlated with echocardiographic measurements of cardiac output."
2006 Mehra MR. Optimizing outcomes in the patient with acute decompensated heart failure.
Am Heart J. 2006;151(3):571-9.		 NA Heart Failure Overview of recent advances of HF.
2006 Ottaviani C, Shapiro D, Goldstein IB, James JE, Weiss R. Hemodynamic profile, compensation deficit, and ambulatory blood pressure.
Psychophysiology. 2006;43(1):46-56.		 Outpatient Hypertension "Limitations notwithstanding, the study showed that the prediction of ambulatory blood pressure could be improved by applying hemodynamic profile and compensation deficit data even after controlling for gender and baseline, and was better than using traditional blood pressure reactivity as a predictor."
2006 Packer M, Abraham WT, Mehra MR, Yancy CW, Lawless CE, et al. Utility of impedance cardiography for the identification of short-term risk of clinical decompensation in stable patients with chronic heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2245-52.		 Outpatient Heart Failure "In conclusion, our results show that when performed at regular intervals in patients with heart failure with a recent episode of clinical decompensation, noninvasive assessment by ICG can identify patients at near-term risk of recurrent decompensation."
2006 Parry MJE. Ambulatory impedance cardiography: A systematic review.
Nurs Rearch. 2006;55(4):283-291.		 Outpatient and Inpatient blank "Ambulatory impedance monitors are valid and reliable instruments used for the physiologic measurement of cardiac performance."
2006 Peacock F, Summers RL, Vogel J, Emmerman C. Impact of impedance cardiography on diagnoses and therapy in emergent dyspnea:The ED-IMPACT trial.
Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(4):365-371.		 Outpatient Emergency Department "Impedance cardiography data result in significant changes in diagnosis and therapeutic plan during the evaluation of dyspneic patients 65 years and older."
2006 Smith RD, Levy P, Ferrario CM. Value of noninvasive hemodynamics to achieve blood pressure control in hypertensive subjects.
Hypertension. 2006;47:769-775.		 Outpatient Hypertension "These study results indicate that antihypertensive therapy guided by impedance cardiography in uncomplicated hypertensive management in patients on greater than or equal to 1 medication than standard care."
2006 Tihtonen KMH, Koobi T, Yli-Hankala A, Huhtala H, Uotila J. Maternal haemodynamics in pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancy during caesarean delivery.
BJOG 2006;113:657-663. 		Inpatient Obstetrics "In women with pre-eclampsia, inability to increase SI at the moment of delivery may suggest dysfunction of the left ventricle to adapt to volume load caused by delivery and prompts concern for the increased risk of pulmonary edema."
2006 Tihtonen KM. Koobi T, Uotila JT. Arterial stiffness in preeclamptic and chronic hypertensive pregnancies.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;		 Outpatient Obstetrics "Besides the vasoconstriction of smaller peripheral arteries, our finding of increased arterial stiffness in preeclamptic pregnancies suggests that also larger arteries with altered viscoelastic properties are involved in the aberrant hemodynamics of preeclamsia. Compared to preeclamptic subjects, women with chronic hypertension shared a common feature of high systemic vascular resistance, but changes in arterial stiffness were less than in preeclampsia."
2006 Van De Water JM, Vogel RL. Letter to the Editor on "The comparison of noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring with impedance cardiography and measurements using semicontinuous thermodilution via a pulmonary artery catheter in 11 patients in a study of a vasodilator drug".
(Leslie et al. 2004) Blood Press Monit. 2006;11(1):43-4.		 Inpatient Accuracy "In summary, the current report using outdated technology should have little bearing on the current validity of ICG in clinial practice, especially when compared with the multiple other reports cited above using more advanced technology."
2006 Wynne JL, Ovadje LO, Akridge CM, Sheppard SW, Vogel RL, Van De Water JM. Impedance cardiography: A potential monitor for hemodialysis.
J Surg Res. 2006;		 Outpatient Hemodialysis "TFC, measured easily and noninvasively using ICG, in comparison with the other hemodynamic parameters measured, TFC changed most consistently with fluid removal."
2006 Zlochiver S, Freimark D, Arad M, Adunsky A, Abboud S. Parametric EIT for monitoring cardiac stroke volume.
Physiol Meas. 2006;27(5):S139-46.		 Outpatient Outpatient, Healthy "Still, despite all simplifications made, the clinical studosed algorithm, as embedded in the PulmoTrace system, and the measurements of the reference BioZ system, supporting the parametric reconstruction algorithm incentive."
2005 Braun MU, Schnabel A, Rauwolf T, Schulze M, Strasser RH. Impedance cardiography as a noninvasive technique for atrioventricular interval optimization in cardiac resynchronization therapy.
J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2005 Sep:13(3):223-9.		 OP Pacing "In CRT, AV-interval optimization based on CO values determined by IC correlates closely to those measured by transaortic flow DE. Impedance cardiography as an easy and cost-effective technique for AV-interval optimization is a promising alternative for routine management of heart failure patients on a beat-to-beat analysis during CRT follow-up."
2005 Castellanos L, Bhalla V, Isakson S, Bhalla M, Lin J, Clopton P, Gardetto N, Hoshino M, Chiu A, Fitzgerald RILL, Maisel AS. B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Impedance Cardiography Testing at the Time of Routine Echocardiography Predict Subsequent Heart Failure.
J Card Fail. 2005;11(6 suppl):S123.		 OP Heart Failure "BNP and STR combined are better predictors of heart failure-related events at 180 and 360 days in patients with either suspected or established LV dysfunction." blank
2005 Demarzo AP, Calcin JE, Kelly RF, Stamos TD. Using impedance cardiography to assess left ventricular systolic function via postural change in patients with heart failure.
Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2005 Fall;20(4):163-7.		 OP Heart Failure "ICG potentially could be used to detect worsening LVSF and provide a means of measurment for adjusting treatment."
2005 Dazzani F, Micati M, Caraceni P, Drago GM, Domenicali M, Pacilli P, Tomassetti V, Gelonesi E, Trevisani F, Bernardi M. Transthoracic electrical bioimpedance: A non-invasive technique for the evaluation of the heaemodynamic alterations in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Dig and Liver Disease. 2005;37:786-792.		 Outpatient Liver Disease "The present study showed a significant correlation between transthoracic electrical bioimpedance and echocardiography in the assessment of systemic haemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis, supporting the employment of transthoracic electrical bioimpedance in pathophysiological studies requiring real-time continuous monitoring of haemodynamic parameters."
2005 El-Dawlatly AA. Impedance Cardiography: Noninvasive measurement of hemodynamics and thoracic fluid content during endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2005;15(6):328-331.		 Surgical Surgical "Significant reductions of cardiac parameters were reported in the present study, but they were of minimal clinical significance. Of interest was the significant reduction of thoracic fluid content during CO2 insufflation, whether it correlates to the magnitude of compression, caused by CO2 insufflation accompaned by high systemic vascular resistance or sympathectomy precedure, yet to be further studied."
2005 Hogan CJ, Hess ML, Ward KR, Gennings C. The utility of microvascular perfusion assessment in heart failure: a pilot study.
J Card Fail. 2005;11(9):713-9.		 OP Heart Failure "Outpatient heart failure patients who later develop adverse outcomes have significantly lower StO2 values than those who remain stable. This suggest cardiac performance in stable heart failure patients may be better reflected at the microvascular level using measures such as StO2 as opposed to a global level using the physicial exam or impedance cardiography. StO2 may serve as a predictor for future adverse events and as an adjunct to current evaluation techniques."
2005 Luthje L, Drescher T, Zenker D, Vollmann D. Detection of heart failure decompensation using intrathoracic impedance monitoring by triple-chamber implantable defibrillator.
Heart Rhythm. 2005:2(9):997-9. 		Outpatient Heart Failure "This report indicates that intrathoracic impedance monitoring integrated in an implantable device may be useful for early detection of cardiac decompensation."
2005 Pozehl B, Duncan K, Pierce M. Heart failure outcomes in response to medication changes: A description of symptoms, physical examination findings and hemodynamic parameters.
J Card Fail. 2005;11(6 suppl):S419.		 Outpatient Heart Failure "McNemar's test for change was significant (p<0.01) with fewer subjects experiencing symptoms of dyspnea on exertion (DOE) and dizziness following medication changes. A significant decrease (p<.05) was also noted in numbers of subjects with elevated jugular venous pressure (JVP) following the medication change. Dependent t-tests showed hemodynamic parameters of contractility, cardiac output, and peripheral vascular resistance improved significantly (p,.001) from pre to post medication change." blank
2005 San-Frutos LM, Fernandez R, Almagro J, Barbancho C, Salazar F, Perez-Medina T, Bueno B, Bajo J. Measure of hemodynamic patterns by thoracic electrical bioimpedance in normal pregnancy and in preeclampsia.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005 Aug 1;121(2):149-153.		 OP Obstetrics "The objective was to compare the differences in hemodynamics between normal pregnancy and preeclampsia, using thoracic electrical bioimpedance. ....Preeclampsia is a situation of low cardiac output and high peripheral resistances compared with a normal pregnancy."
2005 Schmidt C, Theilmeier G, Van Aken H, Korsmeier P, Wirtz SP, Berendes E, Hoffmeier A, Meissner A. Comparison of electrical velocimetry and transophageal Doppler echocardiography for measuring stroke volume and cardiac output.
Br J Anaesth. 2005;		 Outpatient Accuracy "The agreement between EV-CO and TOE-CO is clinically acceptable, and these two techniques can be used interchangeably."
2005 Schnitzler R, Paparelli V. A Word Salad in the Treatment of CHF: BVA, ICG, BNP.
J Card Fail. 2005;11(6 Suppl):S201.		 OP Heart Failure "Based on the findings it appears that BVA (blood volume analysis), measuring ideal plasma volity to BNP (b-type natriuretic peptide) in the clinical assessment of the status of congestive heart failure." blank
2005 Tang WH, Francis G. The year in heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005:46:2125-2133.		 blank Heart Failure "Preliminary results of the 212-patient Prospective Evaluation of Cardiac Decompensation in Patients with Heart Failure by Impedance Cardiography Test (PREDICT) trial illustrate for the first time the ability of three variables from the BioZ (CardioDynamics, Inc., San Diego, California) impedance cardiograpy (thoracic fluid content index, velocity index and ventricular ejection time) to risk stratify outpatients with HF."
2005 Tanne D, Freimark D, Porch A, Merzeliak O, Bruck B, Schwammenthal Y, Schwammenthal E, Motro M, Adler Y. Cognitive functions in severe congestive heart failure before and after an exercise training program.
Int J Cardiol 2005 Aug 18;103(2):145-9.		 OP Rehab Program Heart Failure "A battery of cognitive tests was used to assess cognitive functions. Physical performance was assessed by the 6-min walk test and the modified Bruce exercise test, cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance using thoracic electrical bioimpedance, and cerebral vasomotor reacitvity to hypercapnia by means of the breath-holding index using trancranial Doppler. . .Cerebral vasomotor reactivity to hypercapnia remained diminished despite significant improvements in exercise capacity.. . .Patients with severe congestive heart failure undergoing an exercise training program improve in some measures of cognitive functions that are limited to general attention and psychomotor speed.
2005 Treister N, Wagner K, Koehler E, Smits G, Jansen P. Oral medication titration in outpatient visits preceding a major heart failure event : Further anlaysis from the PREDICT study.
J Card Fail. 2005;11(suppl 6):S184.		 OP Heart Failure "The analysis of the PREDICT study demonstrates that medication changes were made in less than one-third of visits in patients followed at two-week intervals for management of HF. Physicians blinded to ICG risk status did not make medication changes more or less frequently in those at highest risk by noninvasive hemodynamic parameters." blank
2005 Turkistani AA. Cardiodynamic monitoring during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2005;18(2):435-9.		 Surgical Surgical "The study showed transient cardiac depression immediately after PPM (peumoperitoneum) with partial recovery after ten min, which was associated with increase in MAP."
2005 Van de Water JM, Kalton ML, Parish DC, Vogel RL, Beatty JC, Adeniyi SO. Cardiopulmonary assessment: Is improvement needed?
World J Surg. 2005;April 13:online.		 IP Other "The concordance between physician assessment and the BioZ was 51% for CI with Kappa of 0.14 and 58% for TFC with Kappa of 0.19. Attendings did slightly better than the surgical residents with CI (52% vs. 48%) but slightly worse with TFC (57% vs. 61%)."
2005 Veale WN Jr, Morgan JH, Beatty JS, Sheppard SW, Dalton ML, Van de Water JM. Hemodynamic and pulmonary fluid status in the trauma patient: are we slipping?
Am Surg. 2005;71(8):621-5.		 Trauma blank "There is a need for an objective measurement of CI and TFC especially in the more severely injured patient. The inaccuracy of the clinical exam strongly suggests the need for a supplemental measurement, which the new improved ICG monitor could provide."
2005 Yoshii M, Minami J, Ishimitsu T, Yamakoshi K, Matsuoka H. Non-invasive monitoring of hemodynamic changes during hemodialysis by the use of a newly developed admittance cardiograph.
Ther Apher Dial. 2005;l9(2):154-60.		 Hemodialysis blank "These results show that a reduction in parasypathetic nerve activity and sympathetic nerve activation and a marked increase in total peripheral vascular resistance are responsible for the maintenance of blood pressure during hemodialysis in chronic hemodialysis patients. The admittance cardiograph seems to be one of the best options for serial measurements of cardiac output."
2005 Yu CM, Wang L, Chau E, Chan RH, Kong SL, Tang MO, Christensen J, Stadler RW, Lau CP. Intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure: correlation with fluid status and feasibility of early warning preceding hospitalization.
Circulation. 2005;112(6):841-8.		 Heart Failure blank "Intrathoracic impedance is inversely correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and fluid balance and decreased before the onset of patient symptoms and before hospital admission for fluid overload. Regular monitoring of impedance may provide early warning of impending decompensation and diagnostic information for titration of medication."
2005 Yu BH et al. Mood states and impedance cardiography-derived hemodynamics.
Ann Behav Med. 2001;23(1):21-5		 blank blank blank
2005 Ziegler D, Lois M, Hess D, Pinilla J, Tellez G, Casey D. Correlation of continuous cardiac output measured by a pulmonary artery catheter versus impedance cardiography in ventilated patients.
Presentation at the Am Coll of Chest Physicians. November, 2005. 		Accuracy blank "The cardiac output measured by impedance cardiography has a good correlation with the PAC in patients with a cardiac output less than 9 L/min. The correlation between the two methods decreases with time."hemodynamic findings in an individual patient cannot be predicted by BP values, demographic information or medications. Noninvasive ICG can help to characterize hemodynamic values and to identify variance at similar BP levels, which may improve BP management." blank
2005 Abdelhammed AI, Smith R, Levy P, Smits G, Ferrario C. Noninvasive hemodynamic profiles in hypertensive subjects.
Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):51S-59S. 		Outpatient Hypertension "Hemodynamic findings in an individual patient cannot be predicted by BP values, demographic information or medications. Noninvasive ICG can help to characterize hemodynamic values and to identify variance at similar BP levels, which may improve BP management."
2005 Alfie J, Galarza C, Waisman G. Noninvasive hemodynamic assessment of the effect of mean arterial pressure on the amplitude of pulse pressure.
Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):60S-64S.		 Outpatient Hypertension "In conclusion, the study showed that age and MAP exerted opposite effects on PP in younger and older men. In young adult men (<40 years of age), higher MAP decreased PP in parallel with SV. In contrast in older men (≥40 years), increasing MAP was linked to increasing PP."
2005 Bhalla V, Isakson S, Bhalla MA, Lin JP, Clopton P, Gardetto N, Maisel AS. Diagnostic ability of B-type natriuretic peptide and impedance cardiography: Testing to identify left ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive patients.
Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):73S-81S.		 Outpatient Hypertension "In this high-risk hypertensive population, BNP, NT-BNP, and ICG were useful to identify the presence of LVD. The use of ICG with natriuretic peptide testing may improve the ability to detect LVD."
2005 Brown CV, Martin MJ, Shoemaker WC, Wo CC, Chan L, Azarow K, Demetriades D. The effect of obesity on bioimpedance cardiac index. Am J Surg. 2005;189(5):547-51. Inpatient Critical care "Thoracic bioimpedance technology maybe used reliably as a noninvasive alternative to pulmonary artery catheterization for assessment of cardiac performance in critically injure obese patients."
2005 Brown CV, Shoemaker WC, Wo CC, Chan L, Demetriades D. Is noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring appropriate for the elderly critically injured patient? J Trauma. 2005;58:102-7. Emergency Department Accuracy "The bioimpedance cardiac index correlated well with thermodilution cardiac index in all three age groups (r = 0.82 for group <55 years , r = 0.87 for group 55-70 years, and r = 0.80 for group >70 years). Noninvasive cardiac index monitoring in elderly patients is reliable and correlates well with standard thermodilution techniques."
2005 Campos PC, D'Cruz I, Johnson L, Malhotra A, Ramanathan K, Weber K. Functional valvular incompetence in decompensated heart failure: noninvasive monitoring and response to medical management.
Am J Med Sciences. 2005;329(5):217-221.		 Inpatient Heart Failure "In DF, functional MR and TR contribute to reduced cardiac output, increased thoracic fluid content, and systemic vascular resistance, together with enlarged atria and valvular orifice size, which can be improved by medical management."
2005 Ferrario C. New approaches to hypertension management: Always reasonable but now necessary.
Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):23S-25S. 		General Hypertension "When ICG is incorporated into hypertension assessment, it has the strong potential 1) to improve BP control rates, and 2) to profile which patients are at the highest long-term risk. Both of these outcomes would result in a more efficient use of health care resources."
2005 Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip JH, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography. 2005. Presented at SOAP.
 Inpatient Anesthesiology "A significant decrease in SVRI precedes the hypotension after spinal anesthesia as deterined by ICG. Early treatment of drop in SVRI immediately following spinal anesthesia is effective in minimizing the risk of hypotension in women undergoing cesarean section."
2005 Mitchell A, Buhrmann S, Saez AO, Rushentsova U, Shafers RF, Philipp T, Nurnberger J. Clonidine lowers blood pressure by reducing vascular resistance and cardiac output in young, healthy males. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2005;19(1):49-55. Outpatient Hypertension "Clondine's blood pressure lowering effect is mediated by both an immediate decrease in vascular resistance and a prolonged decrease in cardiac output, and Clonidine lowers central SBP more than peripheral SBP."

2005 Neath SX, Lazio L, Guss DA. Utility of impedance cardiography to improve physician estimation of hemodynamic parameters in the emergency department. Congest Heart Fail. 2005;11:17-20. Outpatient Emergency Department "The low concordance suggest that treating physicians did not consistently estimate SV, CO, and SVR accurately. ICG provides noninvasive hemodynamic measurements of SV, CO, and SVR that offer clinical utility and potential value in the emergency department."

2005 Parrott C, Quale C, Lewis D, Ferguson S, Brunt R, Glass S. Systolic blood pressure does not reliably identify vasoactive status in chronic heart failure.
Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):82S-86S		 Outpatient Hypertension "Measurement of systolic BP alone does not reliably indicate the degree of vasoconstriction or vasodilatation that exists in patients with CHF. Measurement of SVRI by ICG may help guide determination of need and tolerance for vasodilating medications in CHF."
2005 Ramirez MF, Tibayan RT, Marinas CE, Yamamoto ME, Caguioa EV.Prognostic value of hemodynamic findings from impedance cardiography in hypertensive stroke.
Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):65S-72S. 		Inpatient Hypertension "In this population of hypertensive stroke patients admitted to the ICU, ICG showed an elevated SVRI and SVR and depressed CO, SV, and SI. In the ischemic stroke group, higher SVR and SVRI were associated with in-hospital death, whereas, in the hemorrhagic stroke group, lower SVR and SVRI were associated with in-hospital death."
2005 Saltzberg M, Schwabauer N. Identifying optimal heart failure patients for forced titration of vasodilator therapy despite "low" initial systolic blood pressures: A cardiac bioimpedance study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003;22(Suppl1):S167. Outpatient Clinic Heart Failure "CHF patients presenting with low SBP are a difficult group to force titrate vasodilator therapy given concerns about further reducing SBP. A subset of these patients derives significant clinical benefit from reduced SVR and increased CI without changes in SBP. Cardiac bioimpedance testing is useful to identify this subset of CHF patients and should be incorporated into the routine assessment of these patients."  
2005 Sanford T, Treister N, Peters C. Use of noninvasive hemodynamics in hypertension management.
Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):87S-91S		 Outpatient Hypertension "There are several mediation classes used in the management of hypertension and it is challenging at best for the clinician to determine the optimal therapeutic combination of medications for each patient. Physician perceptions and patient symptoms are examples of barriers affecting the management and control of hypertension. Impedance cardiography is a noninvasive monitoring technique that provides reliable and reproducible hemodynamic measurements."
2005 Scherhag A, Pfleger S, Garbsch E, Buss J, Sueselbeck T, Borggrefe M. Automated impedance cardiography for detecting ischemic left ventricular dysfunction during exercise testing. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2005;28(2):77-84. Outpatient CAD "We conclude that hemodynamic monitoring by automated ICG is both feasible and practical during exercise testing. Automated ICG can provide reliable and valuable additional diagnostic information on LV function during exercise which is helpful for selecting those patients for angiography who are likely to benefit from coronary interventions."
2005 Smith R, Levy P, Ferrario C. Comparison of impedance cardiography and pulse wave contour analysis measurement of arterial compliance in healthy and diseased subjects. Am J Hypertens. 2005. 18;(5 part 2):20A.

Outpatient Hypertension "Measures of total arterial compliance by ICG and arterial elasticity by PWC analysis are significantly correlated, indicating thar both modalities can be used to assess changes in vascular properties."
2005 Smith R, Levy P, Ferrario C. Efficacy of Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring to Target Reduction of Blood Pressure Levels (CONTROL). Am J Hypertens. 2005. 18;(5 part 2):94A Outpatient Hypertension "The results of this study indicate that antihypertensive therapy guided by ICG hemodynamic measurements in uncontrolled hypertension on one or more antihypertensive medications is more effective than standard care. This was evident by greater reductions in systolic and diastolic BP and by achieving a better level of BP control."
2005 Treister N, Wagner K, Jansen P. Reproducibility of impedance cardiography parameters in outpatients with clinically stable coronary artery disease.
Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):44S-50S. 		Outpatient Hypertension "Since most of the therapeutic agents used in treating the CAD patient have hemodynamic effects, accurate and reproducible noninvasive hemodynamic information can aid the clinician in evaluating the efficacy of treatment or the ocurrence of disease progression or both."
2005 Van de Water JM, Kalton ML, Parish DC, Vogel RL, Beatty JC, Adeniyi SO. Cardiopulmonary assessment: is improvement needed? World J Surg. 2005;April 13:online Inpatient Other "The concordance between physician assessment and the BioZ was 51% for CI with Kappa of 0.14 and 58% for TFC with Kappa of 0.19. Attendings did slightly better than the surgical residents with CI (52% vs. 48%) but slightly worse with TFC (57% vs. 61%)."  
2005 Van de Water J, Mount B, Chandra KMD, Mitchell BP, Woodruff T, Dalton M. TFC (Thoracic Fluid Content): A new parameter for assessment of changes in chest fluid volume. The American Surgeon. 2005;71:81-84.  Outpatient Emergency "From these results, we conclude that TFC is a reliable measurement of chest fluid status and of changes in that fluid. Along with cardiac index (CI), also provided by the ICG monitor, TFC can be very helpful to the clinician.  
2005 Von Rueden K, Wagner KB, Jansen PR. In: Wiegand D, Carlson, K, eds. AACN Procedure Manual for Critical Care. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier; 2005:531-540 General Hypertension "Purpose: Impedance cardiographyis a continuous, non-invasive method to obtain hemodynamic data (cardiac output, afterload, and contractility) and assess thoracic fluid status".

2005 Ventura H, Taler S, Strobeck J. Hypertension as a hemodynamic disease: The role of impedance cardiography in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decision making. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Suppl):26S-43S. General Hypertension "Measurement of the various hemodynamic components using ICG in those with hypertension allows more complete characterization of the condition, a greater ability to identify those at highest risk, and allows more effectively targeted drug management."

2004 Abraham W, Trupp R, Mehra M, Lawless C, Mitchell J, Le Jemtel T, Smart F, Bijou R, O'Connor C, Yancy C, Massie B, Silver M, Packer M, for the PREDICT investigators. PRospective Evaluation of Cardiac Decompensation in Patients with Heart Failure by Impedance Cardiography Test: The PREDICT Multicenter Trial. Circulation. 2004:110(suppl III):597. Outpatient Heart Failure "Compared to a patient with an above median stroke index (33.6ml/m2) and below median thoracic fluid content (32.1/kOhm), a patient with a below median ICG stroke index and above median thoracic fluid content had a 6.46 RR (95% CI 4.48-9.04) for a HF event within 14 days (6.0 vs. 0.9%), a 3.33 RR (95% CI 2.54-4.25) within 30 days (10.4 vs. 3.1%) ."
2004 Albert N. A current choice for hemodynamic monitoring. Nursing 2004. 2004;34(10):58-60. Outpatient and Inpatient General "A photo guide look at impedance cardiography , an amazing technology for assessing your patient's hemodynamic status."
2004 Albert NM, Hail MD, Li J, Young JB. Equivalence of the bioimpedance and thermodilution methods in measuring cardiac output in hospitalized patients with advanced, decompensated chronic heart failure. Am J of Critical Care. 2004;13:469-79. Inpatient Heart Failure "Determinations of cardiac output and index by both methods were significantly correlated. Mean bias between the 2 methods was small, suggesting clinical utility for bioimpedance in patiens with complex decompensated heart failure."
2004 Alfie, J, Majul C, Paez O, Galarza C, Waisman G. Hemodynamic Significance of High Brachial Pulse Pressure in Young Men. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2004;26(3);199-207. Outpatient Heart Failure "Despite the different amplitude, central and brachial PP shared common hemodynamic determinants. A high PP among young men underlied a high output-low resistance circulatory pattern, independently of the site of measurement."
2004 Barcarse E, Kazanera R, Chen A, Chiu A, Clopton P, Maisel A. Combination of B-type natriuretic peptide levels and non-invasive hemodynamic parameters in diagnosing congestive heart failure in the emergency department. Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10:171-176. Outpatient Heart Failure "In patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea, the addition of non-invasive hemodynamic measurements to a BNP level more effectively diagnoses CHF by: 1) Differentiating between systolic and diastolic dysfunction in a rapid and inexpensive manner; 2) Determining the severity of illness."
2004 Freimark D, Feinberg M, Matezky S, Hochberg N, Schechter M. Impact of short-term intermittent intraveous dobutamine therapy on endotherlial function in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 2004;148:878-882. Inpatients Heart Failure "Short-term intermittent intravenous low-dose dobutamine therapy significantly improved vascular endothelial function, perhaps demonstrating an additional mechanism for improved SVR, CI, and SI in patients with severe CHF."
2004 Leslie SJ, McKee S, Newy DE, Webb DJ, Denvir MA. Noninvasive measurement of cardiac output in patients with chronic heart failure. Blood Press Monit. 2004;9(5):277-80. Inpatient Accuracy "The method of COTB underestimated cardiac output compared with COTD, and this difference appeared greater with higher cardiac outputs."
2004 Mitchell JE, Palta S. New diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of heart failure.
J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(11)1424-30.		 Outpatient and Inpatient Heart Failure "There are two new diagnostic modalities that offer promise in improving HF diagnostic accuracy and identifying early HF decompensations. These diagnostic modalities include tests utilizing impedance cardiogaraphy and the B-type natiruretic peptide assay."
2004 Parrott C, Burnham K, Quale C, Lewis D. Comparison of changes in ejection fraction to changes in impedance cardiography cardiac index and systolic time ratio.
Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(2 suppl 2):11-13.		 Outpatient Heart Failure "Changes in ICG cardiac index and systolic time ratio were highly correlated with changes in EF (0.85, -0.73). ICG had may be a practical, reliable, and cost-effective method of monitoring left ventricular function and guiding management decisions."
2004 Peacock F, Summers R, Vogel J, Emmerman C. Impedance Cardiography changes therapy in dyspneic patients: Results from the
ED-IMPACT trial.
J Card Fail. 2004:10(suppl 4):119. 		ED patients Dyspnea "ICG data results in a 12% rate of change in dianosis and changes medication orders in 39% of cases in patiens >/= 65 years old presenting to the ED with dyspnea."
2004 Ramirez M, Marinas C, Yamamoto M, Caguioa E. Impedance cardiography in heart failure patients in the intensive care unit: Its value in the detection of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and correlation with the echocardiogram.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(5 Suppl A):207A.		 Outpatient HF " When compared with the standard echocardiogram, ICG was 70% sensitive and 73% specific in detecting systolic dysfunction."
2004 Sharman DL, Gomes CP, Rutherford JP. Improvement in blood pressure control with impedance cardiograph-guided pharmacologic decision making.
Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10:54-58.		 Outpatient Hypertension "In this series of subjects with uncontrolled BP taking two antihypertensive agents ICG-guided pharmacologic decision making resulted in significant reduction in BP control."
2004 Silver M, Cianci P, Brennan S, Longeran-Thomas H, Ahmad F. Evaluation of impedance cardiography as an alternative to pulmonary artery catheterization in critically ill patients. Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(2suppl 2):17-21. Inpatient Critical care "ICG can replace the pulmonary artery catheter in coronary care unit patients, and clinicians utilizing ICG believe it aids medical decision making and improves patient outcomes."
2004 Springfield C, Sebat F, Johnson D, Lengle S, Sebat C. Utility of impedance cardiography to determine cardiac vs. noncardiac cause of dyspnea in the emergency department. Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(2 suppl2):14-16. ED Dyspnea "In this study retrospective evaluation with ICG was able to accurately differentiate between cardiac- and noncardiac-related cause of dyspnea with greater sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value compared with an ED physician using conventional methods."
2004 Strobeck J, Silver M. Beyond the four quadrants: The critical and emerging role of impedance cardiography in heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(2 suppl 2):1-6. Outpatient and Inpatient Heart Failure "The change in hemodynamic status and assessment of higher risk may lead to increased clinical surveillance or a decision to intervene to prevent a negative patient outcome. In addition, ICG parameters may aid in the assessment of a stable, low risk hemodynamic profile toward the initiation and uptitration of neurohormonal agents that are often underprescribed but are known to improve event free survival."
2004 Summers R, Parrott C, Quale C, Lewis D. Use of in noninvasive hemodynamics to aid decision making in the initiation and titration of neurohormonal agents. Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(2 suppl 2):28-31. Inpatient/Outpatient Heart Failure "ICG provides accurate noninvasive hemodynamic information that can guide physicians during neurohormonal agent therapy in both chronic and acutely decompensated HF. These three cases demonstrate that ICG can be a valuable tool to aid decision making by clinicians caring for HF patients."
2004 Summers R. Assessment and treatment of acute heart failure--case study: Wet and cold profile. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27(suppl 5):V10-V11. Outpatient Heart Failure "These patients can also benefit from hemodynamic manipulation by vasodilation as long as the patient is monitored closely for treatment responses and therapy is titrated to optimize cardiac ouptut and blood pressure."  
2004 Thompson, Drazner M, Dries D, Yancy C. Is Impedance cardiography-derived systolic time ratio a useful method to determine left ventricular systolic dysfunction in heart failure?
J Card. Fail. 2004;10(suppl4):S38.		 Outpatient Heart Failure "In this retrospective analysis, STR demonstrated a strong relatlionship with EF and was able to reasonably distinguish EF above 50% from EF 50% or below. The management of HF necessitates the frequent assessment of a patient's changing status."
2004 Vijayaraghavan K, Crum S, Cherukuri S, Barnett-Avery L. Association of impedance cardiography parameters with changes in functional and quality-of-life measures in patients with chronic heart failure.
Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(2 suppl 2):22-27.		 Outpatient Heart Failure "In our HF population, improvements in univariate and multivariate ICG parameters significantly correlated with changes in functional and QOL measures. ICG provides objective data that may reflect changes in disease status and treatment effectiveness, which may in turn lead to better treatment plans and outcomes."
2004 Yung, G, Fedullo P, Kinninger K, Johnson W, Channick R. Comparison of impedance cardiography to direct fick and thermodilution cardiac output determination in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(2 suppl 2):7-10.		 Inpatient Accuracy "ICG provides an accurate, useful, and cost-effective method for determining CO in pulmonary hypertension patients, and is a potential tool for following responses to therapeutic interventions."
Year Citation Care Area Primary Application Summary Link
2003 Adachi H, Hiratsuji T, Sakurai S, Tada H, Toyama T, Naito S, Hoshizaki H, Oshima S, Taniguchi K. Impedance cardiography and quantitative tissue Doppler echocardiography for evaluating the effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy:A case report.
J Cardiol. 2003;42(1):37-42.		 Outpatient Pacing "New impedance cardiography and tissue Dopple echocardiography are useful to evaluate the effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy."
2003 Adler Y, et al. Improved physical performance and cardiac function in severe heart failure patients undergoing exercise training. Presentation to the European Society of Cardiology Working Group. Taormina, Italy.
April, 2003.		 Outpatient Heart Failure "ET improves hemodynamic parameters including immediate post peak exercise CI and SVR detected by TEB, in severe heart failure patients. These hemodynamic improvements may partially contribute to the better physical performance detected in those patients after physical training."  
2003 Ahmed Z, Pareek R, Elivera H et al. Hemodynamic monitoring during hemodialysis using noninvasive impedance cardiography.
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:872A.		 Outpatient Dialysis "Hemodynamic changes during hemodialysis have multifactorial causes and are probably due to SVR and CO changes."
2003 Albert N, Hail M, Li J, Young J. Equivalence of bioimpedance and thermodilution in measuring cardiac output and index in patients with advanced, decompensated chronic heart failure hospitalized in critical care.
J Am Coll of Card. 2003;41(6):211A.		 Inpatient Heart Failure "CO and CI in ICG and thermodilution were significantly correlated. Clinically acceptable accuracy of cardiac output by ICG was demonstrated in patients hospitalized with advanced, decompensated heart failure."
2003 Bellard E, Fortrat JO, Schang D, Dupuis JM, Victor J, Leftheriotis G. Changes in the transthoracic impedance signal predict the outcome of a 70 degrees head-up tilt test.
Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;104(2):119-26.		 Outpatient Cardiac Function Assessment "Thus transthoracic impedance could detect differences in central haemodynamics between fainters and non-fainters during supine rest and during the initial period of 70 degrees HUT with a consistent sensitivity and specificity when combined with peripheral haemodynamic variables."
2003 Brown CM, Stemper B, Welsch G, Brys M, Axelrod FB, Hilz MJ. Orthostatic challenge reveals impaired vascular resistance control, but normal venous pooling and capillary filtration in familial dysautonomia.
Clin Sci (Lond). 2003;104(2):163-9.		 Outpatient Physiology "The impaired vasoconstriction during limb lowering and absent increase of TPR during tilting confirm that orthostatic hypotension in FD is due primarily to a lack of sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction without evidence of abnormally large shifts in blood volume towards the legs during orthostasis. This may be due, in part, to a preserved myogenic response to increased vascular pressure in the dependent vascular beds."
2003 Cianci P, Lonergan-Thomas H, Brennan S. Silver S. Bedside use of thoracic bioimpedance to document and monitor heart failure with preserved systolic function: Delineation of impaired stroke volume reserve. J Card Fail. 2003;9 (suppl):S105. Outpatient Heart Failure “Patients with heart failure with preserved systolic function have major limitations in chronotropic incompetence and stroke volume reserve. Conditions which cause this syndrome frequently impact both determinants of cardiac output, only the latter of which can be impacted favorably pharmacologically. These improvements are not reflected in mean blood pressure or SVR alone. A bedside evaluation of stroke volume reserve is extremely useful for identifying these patients and guiding their therapy.”
2003 Cook L, Hamilton D, Busse E, Tsang J, Garbe G, Wojcik W, Haennel R. Impact of adaptive rate pacing controlled by a right ventricular impedance sensor on cardiac output in response to exercise. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;26(1 Pt 2):244-7 Outpatient Pacing "Stroke volume and cardiac output were measured during the last minute of each stage using impedance cardiography. The test-retest reliability of heart rate and cardiac output responses to graded exercise was assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance, for which the reliability coefficients were r = 0.993 and r = 0.954, respectively (P < 0.01). There were significant correlations (P < 0.01) between VO2 and heart rate and between VO2 and cardiac output, with correlation coefficients of r = 0.907 and r = 0.824, respectively. This method of adaptive rate pacing produced reliable, positive hemodynamic responses to graded exercise on a test-retest basis."
2003 Coritsidis GN, Said YM, Moneim AM. Hemodynamic changes in diabetics during hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:855A. Outpatient Dialysis "BP instability during dialysis in patients with DM are due to autonomic neuropathy as demonstrated by lower HR and SVR."
Year Citation Care Area Primary Application Summary Link
2003 Faddy S, Boland J. Accuracy and reliability of non-invasive cardiac output: The Future in cardiology?
Computers in Cardiology. 2003;30:251-3.		 Inpatient Accuracy "Linear regression analysis showed good correlation between thermodilution and TEB. R=0.91 Preliminary data from the Indor suggest comparable accuracy, continuous monitoring, portability, ease of use and low cost for a variety of applications in cardiology."  
2003 Funk M, Nystrom K, et al. Bioimpedance monitoring in patients with chronic heart failure.
J Card Fail. 2003;9(suppl):S6.		 Inpatient Accuracy "The correlation, bias, and precision values between measures of CO and SVR obtained by PA catheter versus those obtained by bioimpedance are 0.596, 0.248 and 1.414 for CO and .435, -136.367, and 743.718 for SVR."
2003 Kazuhko N, Masanori K, Kuihiko T et al. Usefulness of thoracic electrical bioimpedance cardiography: Noninvasive monitoring of cardiac output. J Card Fail. 2003:9(suppl):S170. Inpatient Accuracy "TEB is equivalent to TD-derived CO, and is useful for patients with CHF. Our data helped clarify the role of TEB today in patients with CHF."  
2003 Lasater M, Von Rueden K. Outpatient cardiovascular management utilizing ICG.
AACN Clinical Issues. 2003;14 (2):240-250.		 Outpatient Heart Failure  
2003 Lawless C. Correlation of B-type natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine with resting hemodynamics obtained by thoracic bioimpedance in heart failure patients.
J Card Fail. 2003;9 (suppl):S37.		 Outpatient Heart Failure "BNP correlated well with SV and TFC as measured by TEB. The correlation with TFC is expected, since BNP has been shown to correlate with wedge pressure. If BNP testing is not readily available, of all the measurements that can be obtained by TEB, TFC appears to be most closely correlated with BNP, and might be a suitable method for determining severity of heart failure and/or the presence of acute decompensation."